IELTS Essay: Western Clothes and Traditional Clothing
In many countries, people now wear western clothes such as suits and jeans rather than traditional clothing.
Why is this the case?
Is this a positive or negative development?
As the fashion industry has become increasingly closer, it is now more common for individuals to wear western-style attire instead of their own traditional clothing. In my opinion, this is a natural result of globalization and is a negative on the whole given its lack of diversity.
Many countries now adopt western fashion trends due to the effects of globalization. In past centuries, consumers were limited to the clothes that they either made themselves or could procure from their local area. Today, it is possible to efficiently transport vast quantities of goods by air, land, and sea. These fashion products are often made by famous brands such as Nike and Calvin Klein and can undercut local manufacturers’ prices. The global nature of media, particularly with the rise of the internet and social media, has also accelerated this process. Most people watch and listen to western movies and music and are subconsciously influenced by western fashion.
In my opinion, the pervasiveness of western fashion is decidedly detrimental as it concentrates wealth in unimaginative corporations. There are thousands of traditional styles of fashion around the world that have now been subsumed into a limited range of western aesthetic preferences. For instance, the Hmong communities in the North of Vietnam are famous for their vibrant design and the use of sustainable, textured fabrics such as hemp. If their cultural contributions were to be lost, it would necessarily mean a blander fashion world. The companies that now have the most power in terms of fashion tend to be concerned with profit over creative expression, and therefore create clothing without artistic merit.
In conclusion, wearing similar, typically western, clothing is a result of the spread of consumerism and impairs cultural diversity. Consumers should strive to embrace more traditional and environmentally-friendly fashion trends.
Analysis
1. As the fashion industry has become increasingly closer, it is now more common for individuals to wear western-style attire instead of their own traditional clothing. 2. In my opinion, this is a natural result of globalization and is a negative on the whole given its lack of diversity.
Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here.
1. Many countries now adopt western fashion trends due to the effects of globalization. 2. In past centuries, consumers were limited to the clothes that they either made themselves or could procure from their local area. 3. Today, it is possible to efficiently transport vast quantities of goods by air, land, and sea. 4. These fashion products are often made by famous brands such as Nike and Calvin Klein and can undercut local manufacturers’ prices. 5. The global nature of media, particularly with the rise of the internet and social media, has also accelerated this process. 6. Most people watch and listen to western movies and music and are subconsciously influenced by western fashion.
Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
Explain your main idea.
Develop it with specific or hypothetical examples.
Keep developing it fully.
You can sometimes include the counterpoint here too.
Finish strong.
1. In my opinion, the pervasiveness of western fashion is decidedly detrimental as it concentrates wealth in unimaginative corporations. 2. There are thousands of traditional styles of fashion around the world that have now been subsumed into a limited range of western aesthetic preferences. 3. For instance, the Hmong communities in the North of Vietnam are famous for their vibrant design and the use of sustainable, textured fabrics such as hemp. 4. If their cultural contributions were to be lost, it would necessarily mean a blander fashion world. 5. The companies that now have the most power in terms of fashion tend to be concerned with profit over creative expression, and therefore create clothing without artistic merit.
Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
Explain your new main idea.
Include specific details and examples.
Add as much information as you can and make sure it links logically.
Continue your development.
1. In conclusion, wearing similar, typically western, clothing is a result of the spread of consumerism and impairs cultural diversity. 2. Consumers should strive to embrace more traditional and environmentally-friendly fashion trends.
Summarise your main ideas.
Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here.
Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.
As the fashion industry has become increasingly closer, it is now more common for individuals to wear western-style attire instead of their own traditional clothing. In my opinion, this is a natural result ofglobalization and is a negative on the whole given its lack of diversity.
Many countries now adopt western fashion trends due to the effects of globalization. In past centuries, consumers were limited to the clothes that they either made themselves or could procure from their local area. Today, it is possible to efficiently transport vast quantities of goods by air, land, and sea. These fashion products are often made by famous brands such as Nike and Calvin Klein and can undercut local manufacturers’ prices. The global nature of media, particularly with the rise of the internet and social media, has also accelerated this process. Most people watch and listen to western movies and music and are subconsciously influenced by western fashion.
In my opinion, the pervasiveness of western fashion is decidedly detrimental as it concentrates wealth in unimaginative corporations. There are thousands of traditional styles of fashion around the world that have now been subsumed into a limited range of western aesthetic preferences. For instance, the Hmong communities in the North of Vietnam are famous for their vibrant design and the use of sustainable, textured fabrics such as hemp. If their cultural contributions were to be lost, it would necessarily mean a blander fashion world. The companies that now have the most power in terms of fashion tend to be concerned with profit over creative expression, and therefore create clothing without artistic merit.
In conclusion, wearing similar, typically western, clothing is a result of the spread of consumerism and impairs cultural diversity. Consumers should strive to embrace more traditional and environmentally-friendly fashion trends.
Answers
For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:
fashion industry the making of clothes
increasingly closer more and more near
common pervasive
wear western-style attire clothes from America, Europe, etc.
instead of over
traditional clothing clothes from your culture
natural result of normally what comes from
globalization the world becoming more similar
negative on the whole bad overall
given considering
lack of diversity everything the same
adopt start to use, make a habit of
trends due to patterns because of
effects impact
In past centuries hundreds of years ago
limited to only having to do with
procure get
local area where they live
efficiently transport good ways to send
vast quantities of lots of
air flights
land buses, trains, etc.
sea oceans
fashion products clothes
famous brands well-known fashion companies
can undercut local manufacturers’ prices charge less than local companies
global nature of media the way internet, news works
particularly especially
rise of increasing
social media TikTok, Facebook, Instagram, etc.
accelerated makes it go faster
process development
subconsciously not knowing what is happening
influenced by impacted by
pervasiveness how common it is
decidedly detrimental definitely bad
concentrates wealth gives the money to
in unimaginative corporations not creative companies
traditional styles old clothes
subsumed taken over by
limited range not that much variety
aesthetic preferences artistic likes
Hmong communities an ethnic group
vibrant design colorful clothes
sustainable good for the environment
textured fabrics nice materials
hemp an old fabric used for clothes
cultural contributions what they give based on their traditions
necessarily of course
blander fashion world more boring clothes
concerned with having to do with
profit the money earned
creative expression artistic expression
without artistic merit no artistic value
spread moving out, growing
consumerism buying things
impairs cultural diversity hurts cultures around the world
I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:
As the f_______________________y has become i___________________r, it is now more c__________n for individuals to w_____________________________e i_____________f their own t__________________g. In my opinion, this is a n____________________fg______________n and is a n__________________________e g_____n its l________________y.
Many countries now a_________t western fashion t_______s d________o the e________s of globalization. I___________________s, consumers were l___________o the clothes that they either made themselves or could p__________e from their l___________a. Today, it is possible to e_______________________t v____________________f goods by a__r, l____d, and s__a. These f__________________s are often made by f_______________s such as Nike and Calvin Klein and c_____________________________________s. The g__________________f m_____a, p_____________y with the ri______f the internet and s______________a, has also a________________d this p________s. Most people watch and listen to western movies and music and are s__________________y i__________________y western fashion.
In my opinion, the p______________s of western fashion is d_______________________l as it c____________________h i______________________________s. There are thousands of t_________________s of fashion around the world that have now been s___________d into a l_____________e of western a_____________________s. For instance, the H________________________s in the North of Vietnam are famous for their v________________n and the use of s_______________e, t______________s such as h____p. If their c_____________________________s were to be lost, it would n_____________y mean a b_______________________d. The companies that now have the most power in terms of fashion tend to be c____________________h p______t over c_________________n, and therefore create clothing w_______________________t.
In conclusion, wearing similar, typically western, clothing is a result of the s________d of c______________m and i__________________________y. Consumers should s____________o e________e more traditional and e_______________________________y fashion trends.
Listening Practice
Learn more about this topic by watching from YouTube below and practice with these activities:
IELTS Task 1: Frequency of Eating at Fast Food Restaurants in the USA
The bar chart provides information about how often people in the USA spent ate fast food from 2003 to 2013.
The bar chart details fast food consumption in the United States in 2003, 2006, and 2013. Looking from an overall perspective it is readily apparent that frequent consumption of fast food, defined as at least once a week, generally became less common though having fast food once a week or once or twice a month remained the dominant trends. The only exception to this pattern is not eating fast food, which declined.
Looking first of all at the most pervasive habits, in 2003, 31% of individual ate fast food once a week compared to 30% eating it once or twice a month. From there, these trends diverged with those eating once a week rising to 34% in 2006 and then falling precipitously to 27% by 2013. Eating once or twice a month fell to 25% and then surged to 34% in the final year.
The figure for those eating fast food several times a week stood at 17% in 2003, rose to 20% in 2006 and dipped to a low of 15% in 2013. In contrast, in 2003, 13% of individuals consumed fast food a few times a year and this number stabilized at 15% for the final two years recorded. The numbers for every day and never were nearly identical with the former at 4% in 2003 and then 3% and the latter starting at 5% and reaching a low of 4% in both 2006 and 2013.
Analysis
1. The bar chart details fast food consumption in the United States in 2003, 2006, and 2013. 2. Looking from an overall perspective it is readily apparent that frequent consumption of fast food, defined as at least once a week, generally became less common though having fast food once a week or once or twice a month remained the dominant trends. 3. The only exception to this pattern is not eating fast food, which declined.
Paraphrase what the bar chart shows.
Write a clear overview summarising the differences.
This one is a little complex so it needs a second sentence for the overview.
1. Looking first of all at the most pervasive habits, in 2003, 31% of individual ate fast food once a week compared to 30% eating it once or twice a month. 2. From there, these trends diverged with those eating once a week rising to 34% in 2006 and then falling precipitously to 27% by 2013. 3. Eating once or twice a month fell to 25% and then surged to 34% in the final year.
Begin writing about the data for the first categories.
Make sure you compare as much as possible.
There is a lot of data so this essay is a little longer than normal.
1. The figure for those eating fast food several times a week stood at 17% in 2003, rose to 20% in 2006 and dipped to a low of 15% in 2013. 2. In contrast, in 2003, 13% of individuals consumed fast food a few times a year and this number stabilized at 15% for the final two years recorded. 3. The numbers for every day and never were nearly identical with the former at 4% in 2003 and then 3% and the latter starting at 5% and reaching a low of 4% in both 2006 and 2013.
Write about the final other parts of the graph – include everything!
Compare the categories.
Finish with the rest of the data.
Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.
The bar chart details fast food consumption in the United States in 2003, 2006, and 2013. Looking from an overall perspective it is readily apparent thatfrequent consumption of fast food, defined as at least once a week, generally became less commonthough having fast food once a week or once or twice a month remained the dominant trends. The only exception to this pattern is not eating fast food, which declined.
Looking first of all at the most pervasive habits, in 2003, 31% of individual ate fast food once a week compared to 30% eating it once or twice a month. From there, these trends diverged with those eating once a week rising to 34% in 2006 and then falling precipitously to 27% by 2013. Eating once or twice a month fell to 25% and then surged to 34% in the final year.
The figure for those eating fast food several times a week stood at 17% in 2003, rose to 20% in 2006 and dippedto a low of 15% in 2013. In contrast, in 2003, 13% of individuals consumed fast food a few times a year and this number stabilized at 15% for the final two years recorded. The numbers for every day and never were nearly identical with the former at 4% in 2003 and then 3% and the latter starting at 5% and reaching a low of 4% in both 2006 and 2013.
Answers
For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:
details shows
consumption eating of
Looking from an overall perspective it is readily apparent thatfrequent overall
defined as this is what that means
at least once a week 1 or more times a week
less commonthough not as pervasive however
remained the dominant trends were most common
exception to this pattern different from the trend
I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:
The bar chart d_______s fast food c__________n in the United States in 2003, 2006, and 2013. L_______________________________________________tf__________t consumption of fast food, d_______________s a____________________k, generally became l__________________nt________h having fast food once a week or once or twice a month r_________________________________s. The only e____________________________n is not eating fast food, which d_______d.
L__________________________t the most p_____________________s, in 2003, 31% of individual ate fast food once a week c______________o 30% eating it once or twice a month. F_____________e, these trends d_________d with those eating once a week rising to 34% in 2006 and then f_________________________o 27% by 2013. Eating once or twice a month fell to 25% and then s________d to 34% i________________r.
The figure for those eating fast food several times a week s______t 17% in 2003, rose to 20% in 2006 and d_________________________f 15% in 2013. I_____________t, in 2003, 13% of individuals consumed fast food a few times a year and this number s___________d at 15% for the f_______________________d. The numbers for every day and never were n____________________l with the f___________r at 4% in 2003 and then 3% and the l________r s_____________t 5% and r___________________f 4% in both 2006 and 2013.
Listening Practice
Learn more about this topic by watching from YouTube below and practice with these activities:
This is my IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of whether money for education should be spent on better computers or teachers from the real IELTS exam.
Be sure to sign up for my full IELTS EBooks here to support my efforts to keep writing these essays for students:
Some believe that money for education should mainly be spent on better computers while others believe it would be better spent on teachers.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Many feel that funding allocated for education should be primarily spent on computers rather than paying the teaching staff higher salaries. In my opinion, though technology is important today, teachers are still considerably more valuable and deserving of prioritization.
Proponents argue increased funding for computer technology reflects shifts in modern society. Expertise with computers is becoming essential not only for one’s daily life but also most careers. At the moment, schools focus on a wide range of subjects that may not have any direct applicability later in a student’s life such as history, biology, physics, literature, art, and so on. It is logical that focusing more on a useful area such as new computers will maximize funding for schools. However, this thinking neglects the key finding in numerous studies that a wide base of knowledge is more important than early specialization.
Moreover, teachers can potentially be a crucial influence on their pupils. Most adults are grateful to at least one teacher who serves as a lifelong role model. This is because students can connect with a teacher emotionally and intellectually. For example, a teacher may introduce and elucidate a number of great thinkers and writers that later shape a student’s political or moral philosophy. By providing greater funding for teachers, this simply ensures that more qualified teachers will apply for jobs. Additionally, teachers who are passionate about their work, and are underpaid at the moment, are likely to feel more motivated and appreciated with higher salaries.
In conclusion, those who argue in favor of computers are short-sighted as teachers have greater overall impact. Naturally, it is more difficult to measure and study the value of quality teachers and provide definitive evidence for this viewpoint.
Analysis
1. Many feel that funding allocated for education should be primarily spent on computers rather than paying the teaching staff higher salaries. 2. In my opinion, though technology is important today, teachers are still considerably more valuable and deserving of prioritization.
Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here.
1. Proponents argue increased funding for computer technology reflects shifts in modern society. 2. Expertise with computers is becoming essential not only for one’s daily life but also most careers. 3. At the moment, schools focus on a wide range of subjects that may not have any direct applicability later in a student’s life such as history, biology, physics, literature, art, and so on. 4. It is logical that focusing more on a useful area such as new computers will maximize funding for schools. 5. However, this thinking neglects the key finding in numerous studies that a wide base of knowledge is more important than early specialization.
Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
Explain your main idea.
Develop it with specific or hypothetical examples.
Keep developing it fully.
You can sometimes include the counterpoint here too.
1. Moreover, teachers can potentially be a crucial influence on their pupils. 2. Most adults are grateful to at least one teacher who serves as a lifelong role model. 3. This is because students can connect with a teacher emotionally and intellectually. 4. For example, a teacher may introduce and elucidate a number of great thinkers and writers that later shape a student’s political or moral philosophy. 5. By providing greater funding for teachers, this simply ensures that more qualified teachers will apply for jobs. 6. Additionally, teachers who are passionate about their work, and are underpaid at the moment, are likely to feel more motivated and appreciated with higher salaries.
Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
Explain your new main idea.
Include specific details and examples.
Add as much information as you can and make sure it links logically.
Continue your development.
Finish the paragraph strong.
1. In conclusion, those who argue in favor of computers are short-sighted as teachers have greater overall impact. 2. Naturally, it is more difficult to measure and study the value of quality teachers and provide definitive evidence for this viewpoint.
Summarise your main ideas.
Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here.
Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.
Many feel that funding allocated for education should be primarily spent oncomputersrather than paying the teaching staff higher salaries. In my opinion, though technology is important today, teachers are still considerably more valuable and deserving of prioritization.
Proponents argue increased funding for computer technology reflects shifts in modern society. Expertise with computers is becoming essential not only for one’s daily life but also most careers. At the moment, schools focus on a wide range of subjects that may not have any direct applicability later in a student’s life such as history, biology, physics, literature, art, and so on. It is logical that focusing more on a useful area such as new computers will maximize funding for schools. However, this thinking neglects the key finding in numerous studies that a wide base of knowledge is more important than early specialization.
Moreover, teachers can potentially be a crucial influence on their pupils. Most adults are grateful to at least one teacher who serves as a lifelong role model. This is because students can connect with a teacher emotionally and intellectually. For example, a teacher may introduce and elucidate a number of great thinkers and writers that later shape a student’s political or moral philosophy. By providing greater funding for teachers, this simply ensures that more qualified teachers will apply for jobs. Additionally, teachers who are passionate about their work, and are underpaid at the moment, are likely to feel more motivated and appreciated with higher salaries.
In conclusion, those who argue in favor of computers are short-sighted as teachers have greater overall impact. Naturally, it is more difficult to measure and study the value of quality teachers and provide definitive evidence for this viewpoint.
Answers
For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:
funding money
allocated for meant for
primarily spent on mostly money given to
computers laptops, desktops, etc.
rather than instead of
paying the teaching staff higher salaries teachers making more money
considerably much more
valuable important
deserving should receive
prioritization more importance
proponents argue increased funding for people in favor point out more money for
reflects shifts is related to changes
modern society the contemporary world
expertise with doing well with
essential importance
daily life how people live each day
At the moment right now
focus on prioritize
wide range of subjects many classes at school
direct applicability relate right away to
later in a student’s life as kids get older
history study of the past
biology study of life forms
physics study of how the universe words
literature study of books
art study of pictures, music, etc.
and so on etc.
logical rational
focusing emphasizing
useful area key place
maximize make the most of
neglects doesn’t pay attention to
key finding crucial information
numerous studies much research
wide base of knowledge lots of information learned
early specialization learning something early on
potentially possibly
crucial influence key effect
pupils students
adults older people
grateful feel thanks to
at least one at minimum one
serves as a lifelong role model look up to that person forever
I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:
Many feel that f____________g a________________r education should be p______________________nc_____________sr_______________n p__________________________________________________s. In my opinion, though technology is important today, teachers are still c________________y more v__________e and d_________g of p________________n.
P____________s a_______e i_________________________r computer technology r____________s in m_________________y. E__________________h computers is becoming e_____________l not only for one’s ______________e but also most careers. A________________t, schools f___________n a w_____________________s that may not have any d____________________y l___________________________e such as h_________y, b________y, p__________s, l_______e, a__t, a_____________n. It is l__________l that f_____________g more on a u____________a such as new computers will m________________e funding for schools. However, this thinking n____________s the k_________________g in n___________________s that a w__________________e is more important than e_________________________n.
Moreover, teachers can p__________________y be a c____________________e on their p__________s. Most a_______s are g__________l to a_____________e teacher who s______________________l. This is because students can c________________h a teacher e____________________y and i_____________y. For example, a teacher may i______________e and e_________________e a number of g______________s and w_______s that later s____e a student’s p______________l or m_____________________y. By p_____________________r funding for teachers, this s_______________________s that more q____________d teachers will a_____________r jobs. A___________________y, teachers who are p__________________e about their work, and are u______________d at the moment, are likely to feel more m____________d and a______________d with h_______________s.
In conclusion, those who argue in favor of computers are s_________________d as teachers have g_______________________t. N________________y, it is more difficult to m___________e and study the value of quality teachers and p__________________________e for this v____________t.
Listening Practice
Learn more about this topic by watching from YouTube below and practice with these activities:
The table and charts detailed below give information about the police budget in 2017 and 2018 in on area of Britain. The table illustrates where the money came from and the charts show how it was distributed.
The table details the sources of funding for the police and the pie charts show the distribution of this budget. Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the contributions of all sources increased, though local taxes displayed the greatest funding growth. In terms of spending, there was a marked increase in technology funding, buildings and transport was unchanged, and salaries declined though this category continued to represent the vast majority of the budget.
In 2017, the national government contributed 175.5 million pounds, slightly below the number for the following year (177.8m). Local taxes, in contrast, were lower overall in both years but grew considerably from £91.2 million to £102.3 million. Other sources, such as grants, were largely unchanged, rising slightly from 38 to 38.5 million. The total figure grew by 13.9m to 318.6m.
In terms of budgetary allocation, 75% of the budget was devoted to salaries in 2017 and this figure declined to 69% the following year. Money for technology nearly doubled, going from 8% to 14%, while spending on buildings and transport was unaltered at 17% in each year surveyed.
Analysis
1. The table details the sources of funding for the police and the pie charts show the distribution of this budget. 2. Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the contributions of all sources increased, though local taxes displayed the greatest funding growth. 3. In terms of spending, there was a marked increase in technology funding, buildings and transport was unchanged, and salaries declined though this category continued to represent the vast majority of the budget.
Paraphrase what the bar chart shows.
Write a clear overview summarising the differences.
You might need another sentence for your overview.
1. In 2017, the national government contributed 175.5 million pounds, slightly below the number for the following year (177.8m). 2. Local taxes, in contrast, were lower overall in both years but grew considerably from £91.2 million to £102.3 million. 3. Other sources, such as grants, were largely unchanged, rising slightly from 38 to 38.5 million. The total figure grew by 13.9m to 318.6m.
Begin writing about the data for the first categories.
Make sure you compare as much as possible.
Vary long and short sentences.
1. In terms of budgetary allocation, 75% of the budget was devoted to salaries in 2017 and this figure declined to 69% the following year. 2. Money for technology nearly doubled, going from 8% to 14%, while spending on buildings and transport was unaltered at 17% in each year surveyed.
Write about the final other parts of the graph –
include everything!
Vocabulary
What do the words in bold below mean?Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.
The table details the sources of funding for the police and the pie charts show the distribution of this budget. Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that the contributions of all sources increased, though local taxes displayed the greatest funding growth. In terms of spending, there was a marked increase in technology funding, buildings and transport was unchanged, and salaries declined though this category continued to represent the vast majority of the budget.
In 2017, the national government contributed 175.5 million pounds, slightly below the number for the following year (177.8m). Local taxes, in contrast, were lower overall in both years but grew considerably from £91.2 million to £102.3 million. Other sources, such as grants, were largely unchanged, rising slightly from 38 to 38.5 million. The total figure grew by 13.9m to 318.6m.
In terms of budgetary allocation, 75% of the budget was devoted to salaries in 2017 and this figure declined to 69% the following year. Money for technology nearly doubled, going from 8% to 14%, while spending on buildings and transport was unaltered at 17% in each year surveyed.
Answers
For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:
details shows
sources of funding for where the money comes from to provide for
police officers, cops
distribution how something is spread out
budget amount of money to spend
Looking from an overall perspective, it is readily apparent that overall
sources where it comes from
local taxes local government
displayed showed
greatest funding growth most of the money comes from
In terms of spending when it comes to money used
marked noticeable
salaries money earned each month
though however
category group
continued to kept on
represent showed
vast majority of the budget most of the money spent
I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:
The table d_______s the s_________________________r the p______e and the pie charts show the d____________n of this b_________t. L__________________________________________________________t the contributions of all s__________s increased, though l______________s d____________d the g________________________h. I______________________g, there was a m_______d increase in technology funding, buildings and transport was unchanged, and s__________s declined t______h this c____________y c_________________o r___________t the v_________________________t.
In 2017, the n_____________t contributed 175.5 million p_________s, s_________w the number for the following year (177.8m). L___________s, i____________t, were l__________________l in both years but g___________________y from £91.2 million to £102.3 million. O______________s, such as g_______s, were l_____________________d, r________________y from 38 to 38.5 million. The t______________e grew by 13.9m to 318.6m.
I_______________f b________________n, 75% of the budget was d_____________o salaries in 2017 and this f____________d to 69% t__________________r. Money for technology n________________d, going from 8% to 14%, while spending on buildings and transport was u___________d at 17% in e_______________________d.
Listening Practice
Learn more about this topic by watching from YouTube below and practice with these activities:
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